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BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


Geological  Survey  of   Alabama, 

EUGENE  A.  SMITH,  PH.  D.,  STATE  GEOLOGIST. 


FATTNA  OF  ALABAMA. 

1.     FEESH  WATER  AND  LAND  SHELLS. 
BY  JAMES  LEWIS,  M.  D. 


0  *        J  J 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  OF  ALABAMA. 

EUGENE  A.  SMITH,  PH.  D.,  STATE  GEOLOGIST. 


FAUNA  OF  ALABAMA. 

L    FEESH  WATEE  AND  LAND  SHELLS. 
BY  JAMES  LEWIS,  M.  D. 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


A  limited  xmmber  of  SINGLE  coriEft  of  ft  pamphlet 
embracing  a  list  of  the  Land  and  Frash  Water  ehelfes 
of  Alabama  may  be  had  by  address  ;rif{ 

JAMBS  LBWIW,  MOHAWK.  N,  V. 

Enclose  fifty  cents. 


FAUNA  OF  ALABAMA. 


FRESH  WATER  AND  LAND  SHELLS. 

There  is  no  State  in  the  Union  that  affords  a  more  di- 
versified Molluscan  Fauna  than  is  found  within  the  limits 
of  Alabama.  While  exhibiting  no  marked  superiority  in 
the  number  of  species  that  are  classed  as  Land  Shells,  and 
possibly  displaying  a  meager  list  of  aquatic  pulmonates,  it 
is  remarkably  rich  in  fresh  water  bivalves  (Unionidse),  and 
in  an  operculate  class  of  aquatic  univalves,  chiefly  of  the 
family  Mela^idse. 

The  list  of  Species  here  presented  is  compiled  from  vari- 
ous sources,  chiefly  the  writings  of  Isaac  Lea,  L.  L.  D., 
who  has  writt  jaore  on  the  fresh  water  shells  of  North 
America  than  till  other  original  writers  together.  The 
compilations  and  writings  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Binney  have  af- 
forded much  aid  in  compiling  the  pulmonate  species.  The 
writings  of  Thomas  Say  and  other  distinguished  American 
Conchologists,  have  also  been  consulted. 

The  verification  of  facts  relative  to  local  and  geograph- 
ical distribution,  has  been  greatly  aided  by  material  pre- 
sented by  various  gentlemen,  who  have,  at  different  times, 
collected  shells  in  various  parts  of  Alabama.  Among  the 
gentlemen  to  whom  the  greatest  credit  is  due  for  speci- 
mens and  notes  on  Geographical  Distribution,  may  be 
mentioned  Dr.  E.  B.  Showalter,  of  Mobile,  formerly  of 
Uniontown,  who,  prior  to  1861,  was  largely  interested  in 
bringing  to  light  many  species  which  were  previously  un- 
known. Later,  Mr.  Truman  H.  Aldrich,  of  Montevallo, 


.formerly  of  Selma,  has  taken  up  the . subject  and  afforded 
ibbdh  valuably  information.  At  Tuscumbia,  L.  B.  Thorn- 
ton, Esq.,  arid' Mr.  B.  Pybas  have  made  many  useful  dis- 
;  cp\ cries.  ;A.t  Tukcalkosa,  Dr.  Eugene  A.  Smith,  State 
Geologist  of  Aiatia'ma,  has  recently  made  additions  to  the 
subject.  There  are,  no  doubt,  portions  of  the  State  that 
have  not  been  explored,  and  very  likely  unknown  species 
remain  to  be  brought  to  light.  The  shells  of  the  Chatta- 
hoochee  River,  and  of  streams  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ala- 
bama were  very  diligently  studied  prior  to  1861,  by  Dr. 
Hugh  M.  Neisler,  Mr.  Garrett  Hallenbeck  and  Wm.  Ges- 
ner,  at  Columbus,  Ga.  The  late  Et.  Rev.  Stephen  Elliott, 
of  Savannah,  Ga.,  also  materially  aided  in  contributions  to 
our  knowledge  of  the  shells  of  Alabama,  Georgia  and 
other  Southern  States.  A  study  of  the  shells  of  Alabama 
necessarily  involves  a  portion  of  the  fauna  of  Georgia  and 
other  States  on  the  borders  of  Alabama.  To  isolate  them 
in  cases  in  which  there  is  a  doubt  as  to  the  extent  of  Geo- 
graphical Distribution  is  sometimes  difficult.  Species  may 
have  been  credited  to  Alabama  that  may  hereafter  not  be 
verified.  Unquestionably  a  few  species  that  were  referred 
to  Georgia  at  the  time  they  were  described,  will  hereafter 
also  be  found  in  Alabama,  though  not  so  recorded  here. 

The  fascinating  character  of  the  study  of  this  branch  of 
Natural  History  will  assuredly  bring  new  collectors  into 
the  field,  and  bring  to  light  many  new  facts  which  at  some 
future  time  will  make  a  revision  of  the  present  list  neces- 
sary. 

JAMES  LEWIS. 

Mohawk,  N.  Y.,  October  24th,  1876. 


Shell-bearing  Mollusca  of  Alabama. 

LAMELLIBEANCHIATA. 

CONCHIFERA. 
Family  TJnionlclfie. 

GENUS  UNIO,  Brug. 

U.  abacus,  Haldeman.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"   acutissimus,  Lea.     Alabama  river  ;  Coosa  river. 

"   -ZEsopus,  Green.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"   alatus,  Say. 

"   altilis,  Conrad.    Alabama  river. 

"   amoenus,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"  Andersonensis,  Lea.    "  " 

"   Anodontoides,  Lea.    Chattahoochee  and  Alabama  riv- 
ers ;  Bogue  Chitto  Creek. 

"   appressus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"   aquilus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  or  its  tributaries. 

"   arcaeformis,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"   arctatus,  Con.    Black  Warrior,  Coosa  and  Cahawba 
rivers. 

"   arcus,  Con.     Alabama  river. 

"   argenteus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"   asper,  Lea.     Alabama  river. 

"   asperatus,  Lea.    Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers ;  Cahawba 
river ;  Buck  creek. 

"   atro-costatus,  Lea.    Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers ; 
hawba  river. 

"   atro-marginatus,  Lea.    Chattahoochee  river. 


U.   basalis,  Lea.    Carter's  creek,  (Ga.) 

"   bellulus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"   biemarginatus,  Lea.    "  " 

"   Bigbyensis,  Lea.          " 

"   Binneyi,  Lea.    "  Alabama."     (Lea.) 

"   Blandianus,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

"  Boykinianus,  Lea.  Alabama,  Chattahoochee  and  Coo- 
sa rivers ;  Buck  creek. 

"   brevidens,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"   Brumbyanus,  Lea.    "  Warrior  river." 

"   cselatus,  Conrad.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"   Cahabensis^-Lea.     Cahawba  river. 

"   camelopardilis,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"   camelus,  Lea.  "  " 

"  camptodon,  Say.  Coffee  creek  and  Big  Prairie 
creek. 

"   caperatus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"   capsseformis,  Lea.          "  " 

"   castaneus,  Lea.     Alabama  river. 

"  Chattanoogaensis,  Lea.  Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers  ; 
Bogue  Chitto  creek. 

"   Chunii,  Lea.     Near  Selma. 

"   circulus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"    circumactus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"    Claibornensis,  Lea.     Alabama  river. 

"   Clarkianus,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"   clavus,  Lamarck.  "  " 

"    Clinchensis,  Lea. 

"  compactus,  Lea.  Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers ;  Buck 
creek. 

"   concestator,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"  concolor,  Lea.  Big  Prairie  creek;  Buck  creek;  Ca- 
hawba river. 

"   Conradianus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  consanguineus,  Lea.  Alabama,  Coosa  and  Cahawba 
rivers. 

"   Cooperianus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  corneus,  Lea.    Chattahoochee  tributaries. 


U.  cornutus,  Ba%es.     Alabama,  Coosa   and  Tennessee 

rivers. 

"   corvunculus,  Lea.     Cahawba  river. 
"   Columbensis,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river* 
"   crassidens,  Lamarck.    Alabama,  Coosa  and  Tennessee 

rivers.     Cahawba  river. 

"   crebrivittatus,  Lea.     Coosa  river ;    Coosawattee  river. 
"   crudus,  Lea.     Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   cuneolus,  Lea.    Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   cylindrelius,  Lea.    "Northern  Alabama,"  (Lea). 
"   cylindricus,  Say.    Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   decisus,  Lea.     "  Alabama  river,"  (Lea).     Bogue  Chitto 

creek* 

"   declivis,  Say.    Alabama.     Shoal  creek. 
"   decumbens,  Lea.    "Alabama,"  (Lea). 
"   denigratus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river, 
"   deviates^  Anthony.     Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   discrepans,  Lea.     "Northern  Alabama,"  (Lea). 
"   dispar,   Lea.      Chattahoochee   river ;    Bogue    Chitto 

creek. 

"   dolabelloides,  Lea.    Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   dolosus,  Lea.    Alabama  and  Cahawba  rivers. 
"   dromas,  Lea.    Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   ebenus,  Lea..    Alabama  river. 
v'  "   Edgarianus,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage. 
"   Estabrookianus,  Lea.     Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   excavatus,  Lea.    Alabama,  Coosa,  Black  Warrior,  and 

Cahawba  rivers ;   Buck  creek ;  Bogue  Chitto  creek. 
"   exiguus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river  ;  Shoal  creek. 
"   extensus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   fabalis,  Lea.    Tennessee  Drainage. 
"  fallax,  Lea.    Chattahoochee  river. 
"   fibuloides,  Lea.    Coosa  river  (Showalter). 
"   flavescens,  Lea.     Black  Warrior  river, 
i*  flavidus,  Lea.    Tennessee  Drainage. 
"   Florentinus,  Lea.     Tenneessee  Drainage. 
"   foliatus,  Hildreth.    Tennessee  river. 


8 

U.  Foremanianus,  Lea.    Coosa  and  Ci^awba  rivers ;  Buck 

creek. 

"  Forsheyi,  Lea.     Big  Prairie  creek. 

"  fraternus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river ;  Cahawba  river? 

"  fucatus,  Lea.     "Northern  Alabama/' (Lea).     Tuscum- 

bia. 

"  fumatus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  tributaries. 

"  Gerhardtii,  Lea.  Cahawba  river ;  Buck  creek.   (Querie, 

Spillmanii?) 

"  gerrnanus,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

"  Gesnerii,  Lea.     Uchee  creek. 

"  gibbosus,  Barnes.     Tennessee  river. 

"  gland Iceus,  Lea.     Cahawba  river  ;  Buck  creek. 

"  glans,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  Gouldii,  Lea,     "  Tuscaloosa,"  (Lea). 

"  gracilis,  Barnes.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  granulatus,  Lea.     Big  Prairie  creek ;  Coosa  river. 

"  Green ii,  Conrad.     Black  Warrior  river.  • 

"  Hallenbeckii,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  tributaries. 

"  Hanleyianus,  Lea.     Coosawattee  river. 

"  Hartmanii,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

"  Haysianus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  Holstonensis,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  incrassatus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"  inflatus,  Lea.     Alabama  river. 

'*  infucatus,  Conrad.     Chaktahobchee  river. 

"  instructus,  I<ea>     Cahawba  river ;   Buck  creek. 

"  intercedens,  Lea.    Chattahoochee  river. 

"  intermedius,  Conrad.     Tennessee  river. 

"  interventus,  Lea.     Cahawba  river. 

4<  irroratus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  Johannis,  Lea.     Coosa  river  (Showalter). 

"  Kleinianus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"  late-costatus,  Lea.     "  Tuscaloosa/'  (Lea). 

"  Lawii,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  Lesueurianus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  lens,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 

"  Lewisii,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 


U.  lienosus,  Conrad.     Creeks — Bogue  Chitto  creek. 

"  limatulus,  Conrad.  Uchee  Bar  (Chattahoochee  river). 
(Lea,  X  43.) 

"   Hgamentinus,  Lamarck.     Tennessee  river. 

"   lineatus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"   linguseformis,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"   litus,  Lea.   ^ Cahawba  river ;  Buck  creek;  Shoal  creek. 

"   lurid  us,  Lea.     Coosawattee  river. 

"   medius,  Lea.    Coosa  river. 

11  Meredithii,  Lea.  Spring  creek,  Tuscumbia.  (Thorn- 
ton.) 

"  metanever,  Raf.  Alabama,  Coosa  and  Tennessee  riv- 
ers. 

"   Mississippensis,  Con.     Coffee  creek. 

"   modicellus,  Lea.     Connesauga  river  and  Chattanooga. 

"    modicus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"    monodontus,  Say.     Tennessee  river. 

"   Mooresianus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

"    multiradiatus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

"    mundus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

"   Nashvillensis,  Lea.     Beech  creek ;  Shoal  creek. 

"   negatus,  Lea.     Big  Prairie  cre^ek ;  Bogue  Chitto  creek. 

"   neglectus,  Lea.     "  Northern  Alabama,"  (Lea). 

"   nigellus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"   nucleopsis,  Conrad.     Coosa  river  (Showalter). 

"  nux,  Lea.  Alabama  river  ;  Buck  creek;  Cahawba  riv- 
er ;  Shoal  creek. 

"   obesus,  Lea.     Chattaiioochee  river. 

"   obtusus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"   obuncus,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"   ornatus,  Lea.     "Alabama"?  (Lea). 

"   ovatus,  Say.     Tennessee  river. 

"   pallescens,  Lea.    "  Tuscaloosa,"  (Lea.) 

"   pallidofulvus,  Lea.     Cahawba  liver. 

"    parvulus,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

"   parvus,  Barnes.    Tennessee  drainage. 

"    paulus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river  ;  Beech  creek. 

*'   pellucidus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 


10 

U.  penicillatus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   penitus,  Conrad.     Alabama  river  ;  Coosa  river. 
"   perovatus,  Conrad.     "Green  county,"  (Conrad). 
"   perovalis,  Conrad.     Alabama  river. 
"   perpastus,  Lea.    Coosa  river. 
"   perpictus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 
"  perplexus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 
"   perradiatus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   phaseolus,  Hildreth.     Tennessee  river. 
"   placitus,  Lea.    "Alabama,"  (Lea). 
"   plancus,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers. 
"   planicostatus,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 
"   planior,  Lea.     Tennessee  drainage. 
"  plenus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river ;  Alabama  river. 
"   porphyrius,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
"   Postellii,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   Prattii,  Lea.    Chattahoochee  river. 
"   propinquus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   pudicus,  Lea.     "N.  Alabama,"  (Lea). 
"   pullatus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   pulvinulus,  Lea.     Coosawattee  river ;  Tuscaloosa. 
U.  purpuratus,  Lamarck.    Alabama  river  ;  Coosa  river  ; 

Bogue  Chitto  creek. 
"   pustulosus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   Pybasii,   Lea.    Tennessee  drainage ;  small   streams 

Coosa  river ;  Shoal  creek. 
"  pyramidatus,  Lea.     Tennessee  and  Alabama  rivers; 

Coosa  river  (Showalter). 
"   pyriformis,  Lea.     Cbattahoochee  river. 
"   quadratus,  Lea.    Chattahoochee  river  or  tributaries. 
"   radians,  Lea.     Cahawba  river. 
"   radiosus,  Lea.    Tennessee  river. 
"   Baeensis,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   Eangianus,  Lea.    Tennessee  river. 
"   recur vatus,  Lea.  "  " 

"   Boswellensis,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   rubellinus,  Lea.    Coosa  river  ;  Cahawba  river  ;  Shoal 

creek. 


11 

U.  rubellus,  Con.     Black  Warrior  river. 
"  rubidus,  Lea.     Coosa  river  and  Big  Prairie  creek. 
"   Kuinphianus,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers. 
"   rutilans,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river ;  Shoal  creek. 
"   salebrosus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  or  tributaries. 
"   sax'eus,  Conrad.     Alabama  river. 
"   scitulus,  Lea.     Spring  creek,  Tuscuinbia. 
"   securis,  Lea.     Tennessee  river ;  Alabama  river. 
"   Showalterii,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
"   simplex,  Lea.    Black  Warrior  river. 
"   simulans,  Lea.     Cahawba  river. 
"   Sloatianus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   Sowerbyanus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   sparsus,  Lea. 
"   sparus,  Lea.     Shoal  Creek. 

"   sphsericus,  Lea.     Alabama  river  ;  Cahawba  river. 
"   stabilis,  Lea.    .Coosa  river. 
"   stapes,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   Stewardsbnii,  Lea.    '" 
"   stramineus,  Conrad.    Uchee  and  other  creeks ;  Beech 

creek. 

"   striatus,  Lea.     Chattahoocbee  river. 
"   strigosus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  or  tributaries. 
"   subangulatus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river ;  Buck  creek; 

Shoal  creek. 
"   subellipsis,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river ;  Buck  creek ; 

Shoal  creek. 

"   subgibbosus,  Lea.     Coosa  river  ;  Alabama  river. 
"   subglobatus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   sublatus,   Lea.     Uchee   bar ;  Buck   Creek  ;  Cahawba 

river ;  Shoal  creek. 
"   sudus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"    Taitianus,  Lea.     "  Alabama  river." 
"Menuissimus,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   tetralasmus,  Say.     Creeks. 
"   Thorntonii,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
"   tortivus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
"   trapezoides,  Lea.    Alabama  river. 


12 

U.  triangularis,  Barnes.     Tennessee  river. 

"   trinacrus,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

"   Ti  oschelianus,  Lea.     Coosawattee  river. 

"   turgidulus,  Lea.    Florence. 

"   tuberculatus,   Barnes.    Big   Prairie   creek;  Cahawba 
river. 

"   tumescens,  Lea.    Tennessee  river. 

"   Tuscumbiensis,  Lea.      " 

"   umbrans,  Lea.     Shoal  creek. 

"  umdulatus,  Barnes.    Tennessee  river. 

"   unicolor,  Lea.    Tuscaloosa. 

"   vallatus,  Lea.     Bogue  Chitto  creek  ;  Buck  creek  ;  Ca- 
hawba river. 

"   verrucosus,  Barnes.     Tennessee  river. 

"   verus,  Lea.     Cahawba  river  ;  Buck  creek. 

"   verutus,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"   vibex,  Conrad.     Black  Warrior  river. 

"   virescens,   Lea.     Tennessee   drainage ;  Spring   creek, 
Tuscumbia ;  Beech  creek. 

"   viridans,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

"   viridiradiatus,  Lea.     Big  Uchee  creek. 

"   zig  zag,  Lea.     Alabama  river.     [Querie,  donaciformis 

Lea?J 

Genus  MAKGAEITANA,  Schum. 

M.  Alabamensis,   Lea.      Talladega   creek    (Lea) ;    Buck 
creek :  Beech  creek. 

"   complanata,  Barnes.    Big  Prairie  creek. 

"   Connesaugaensis,  Lea.     Head  waters  of  Alabama  river. 

"   Curreyana,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

"   Elliottii,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river ,  Uchee  creek. 

"   Georgiana,   Lea.    Tributaries  of  Coosa  river ;  Shoal 
creek.* 

"   Gesnerii,  Lea.    Uphaupee  creek. 

"  Holstonia,  Lea.     Coosa  river  (abounds  in  streams  trib- 
utary to  the  Tennessee  river)  ;  Shoal  creek. 

"   marginata,  Say.     Tennessee  river. 

*[NoTE. — Possibly  the  shell  referred  to  Shoal  creek,  as  Marg.  Georgiana 
may  be  Holstonia. 


13 

Mv  minor,  Lea.    Tennessee  drainage  (small  streams  trib- 
utary to  Tennessee  river.) 
"   rugosa,  Barnes,     Tennessee  river. 
"   Spillmanii,  Lea.     Cahawba  river. 
"   triangulata,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 
Genus  ANODONTA,  Lamarck* 
A.  edentula,  Say*     Tennessee  river. 
"   Gesnerii,  Lea.     Uphaupes  creek. 
"    Hallenbeckii,  Lea.     Uphaupec  creek. 
"   Showalterii,  Lea.     Coosa  river  ;  Big  Prairie  creek. 
"   subvexa,  Conrad.    Black  Warrior  river. 

Family  COKBICULAD.E. 

Genus  CYBENA,  Lamarck. 
C.  Carolinensis,  Lamarck.     Mobile  bay. 

Genus  SPH^RIUM,  ScopolL 
S.  stramineum,  Conrad. 
S.  fabale,  Prime.    Shoal  creek. 
S.  occidentale,  Prime.     (Near  Columbus,  Ga.) 
S.  contractum,  Prime.     Grier's  creek. 

Genus  PISIDIUM,  Pfeiffer. 

P,  Yirginicum,  Bourguignat.    Chattahoochee  river. 
P.  abditum,  Haldeman*     Springs  and  small  streams. 


PECTINIBKANCHIATA. 

Family  M:ELA.1VII>JE;. 

Sub-Family   STREPOMATID^!. 

Genus  STBEPOMA,  Raf. 
Sub  Genus  lo,  Lea. 

v  lo  spinosa,  Lea.     Tennessee  river, 
lo  turrita,  Anthony.    Bridgeport.    Tennessee  river. 

Sub  Genus  ANGITBEMA,  Haldeman, 

A.  angulata,  Wetherby.     Elk  riven     Compare  Wheatteyi 
Tryon, 


14 

A.  arrnigera,  Say.     Tennessee  river. 
11  curta,  Lea.     Tennessee  river, 

"  lima,  Con.     Elk  river,     (Compare  verrucosa,  Eaf.} 
"  salebrosa,  Con.     Tennessee  river. 
"  subglobosa,  Lea.     Tennessee  river, 
"  Tuomeyi,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
*'  verrucosa,  Raf.     Tennessee  river. 
"  Wbeatleyi,  Tryon.     Elk  river, 

Sub-genus  LITHASIA,  Haldeman. 

L.  brevis,  Lea.     Alabama  and  Ooosa  rivers. 

L.  compacta,  Anthony.     Cahawba  river;  Buck  creek. 

L.  eylindrica,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

L.  dilatata,  Lea.'   Tennessee  river, 

L.  Florentiana,  Lea.     Florence. 

L.  fusiformis,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

L.  imperialis,  Lea.     Tuscumbia. 

L.  purpurea,  Lea.    Cahawba  river.    (See  Gon.  purpurea, 

Lea.) 

L.  Showalterii,  Lea.     Cahawba  river ;  Alabama  riven 
L.  vittata,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers, 

Sub-genus  STKEBHOBASIS,  Lea. 

S.  bitaaniata,  Con.     "  Black  Warrior  river." 

S.  carinata,  Lea.    "  Tennessee  river." 

S.  Clarkii,  Lea.     "  Tennessee  river." 

S.  cornea,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

S.  corpulerfta,  Anthony.     Tennessee  river, 

S.  Lyonii,  Lea.    Tennessee  river. 

S.  olivaria,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

S.  plena,  Anthony.    Tennessee  river. 

S.  solida,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

Sub-genus  TRYPANOSIOMA,  Lea., 

T.  abruptum,  Lea.     "Alabama,"  (Lea). 

T.  affine,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  Alabamense,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  alveare,  Conrad.    Tennessee  river. 

ST.  annuliferum,  Conrad.    "  Black  Warrior  river." 


15 

T.  Anthonyi,  Lea.  Black  Warrior  river,  and  Yellow  Leaf 
creek. 

T»  aratum,  Lea.     "N.  Alabama)"  (Lea). 

T.  attenuatum,  Lea.     Tennnessee  river. 

T>  biciuctum,  Tryon*     Tennessee  river. 

T.  bivittatum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  Brumbyi,  Lea*     Coosa  river,  and  at  Huntsville. 

T.  canaliculatum,  Say.     Tennessee  river. 

T;  canalitium,  Lea.    Yellow  Leaf  creek,  and  Coosa  river. 

T.  castaneum,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

T.  Clarkii,  Lea.  "Florence;  Coosa,  Cahawba,  and  Ala- 
bama rivers."  (See  Appendix.) 

T.  Conradii,  Tryon.  Numerous  small  streams  tributary 
to  the  Coosa,  Cahawba,  and  Alabama  rivers.  (See 
pyrenellum,  Con.) 

T.  carvatum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  Currierianum,  Lea*  .  Yellow  Leaf  creek. 

T.  dux,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  excuratum,  Conrad.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  filum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  Florencense,  Lea.     Florence. 

T.  Foremanii,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

T.  gradatum,  Anih.     "Alabama." 

T.  gracile,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers. 

T.  Hartmanii,  Lea.  Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers.  (Com- 
pare prasinatum.) 

T.  hastatum,  Anih.     "Alabama." 

T.  incurvum,  Lea.    Tennessee  river. 

T.  Jayi,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers.. 

T.  lativittatum,  Lea.  "Chickasaha  river,  Alabama,"  (Lea). 

T.  ligatum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  Leaii,  Tryon.     Coosa  river. 

T.  lugubre,  Lea*     "Alabama." 

T.  minor,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  modestum,  Lea*  Tennessee  river.  Tryon,  page  101. 
Obs.  IX.170.  (See  lugubre,  Lea.) 


16 

T.  moniliferum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river, 

T.  moriforme,  Lea.     Chattanooga.     Tennessee  river, 

T.  nobile,  Lea.     Tennessee  R.,  Jackson  Co. 

T.  nodosum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river.     "  Tuscumbia." 

T.  olivaceum,  Lea*     Tombigbee  river. 

T.  planogyrum,  Anth.     "Alabama." 

T.  ponderosum,  Anth.     Tennessee  river, 

T.  opacum.     Anth.     "Alabama." 

T.  Postellii,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

T.  prasinatum,  Con.     "Alabama  river  5"  also,  in  the  Coo- 

sa  and  Cahawba  rivers, 
T.  pumilum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
T.  Pybasii,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
T.  pyrenellum,  Con.    Talladega  Springs ;  Cahawba  river ; 

Buck   creek;    Clear  creek;   Coosa  river;   Sulphur 

Spring,  six  miles  west  of  Jacksonville. 
T.  robustum,  Lea.     Tennesse  river. 
T.  Showalterii,  Lea.     Cahawba  river ;  Coosa  river ;  Tus  • 

caloosa. 

T.  spinalis,  Lea.    "Alabama." 
T.  striatum,  Lea.     Shelby  Springs  ;  Florence. 
T.  Thorntonii,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
T.  tortum,  Lea.    Little  Uchee  river.    (See  lugubre,  Lea.} 
T.  trivittatum,  Lea.     Tombigbee  river. 
T.  Troostii,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
T.  Tuomeyi,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 
T.  univittatum,  Lea.    Cahawba  K.     (See  prasinatum  ?) 
T.  venustum,  Lea.  Big  Prairie  creek.  (See  vestitum,  Oon.) 
T.  vestitum,  Conrad.     Big  Prairie  creek  ;  Green  county ; 

Four  Mile  creek ;  Buck  creek. 
T.  Wheatleyi,  Lea,     Coosa  river. 

Sub-genus  GONIOBASIS,  Lea. 

G.  abscida,  Anth.  "Alabama."  [Abnormal,  old  and  ex- 
eroded.] 

G.  acuta,  Lea.  N.  Alabama.  Tributaries  of  Tennessee 
river  ? 

G.  sequa,  Lea.    Yellow  Leaf  creek. 


17 

G!  Alabamensis,  Lea.     Coosa  river, 

G.  ambusta,  Anth.     Cahawba  river.     "Alabama." 

G.  amoena,  Lea.     "  N.  Alabama." 

G.  ampla,  Lea.     Anth.     Cahawba  and  Coosa  rivers. 

G.  angulata,  Anth,    Cahawba  river,    [var,  cinnamomea?] 

G.  arctata,  Lea.     Tuscaloosa, 

G.  auricoma,  Lea.     Tennessee  river.  (Querie  instabilis  ?) 

G.  auriculseformis,  Lea.     "  Tascaloosa." 

G.  baculoides,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  basalis,  Lea.    "Alabama."    (Querie,  young  of  ampla?) 

G.  bellula,  Lea.  Yellow  Leaf  creek ;  Cahawba  river ; 
Coosa  river.  (Querie,  Ijewisii,  var  ?) 

G.  Bentoniensis,  Lea.     Benton  Co. 

G.  Binneyana,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  Boykiniana,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river, 

G.  Bridgesiana,  Lea.     Cahawba  river. 

G.  Brumbyi,  Lea.     "Alabama." 

G.  brunnea,  Anth.     "Alabama." 

G.  bullula,  Lea.    Yellow  Leaf  creek. 

G.  Cahawbensisj  Lea.     Cahawba  river  ;  Montevallo, 

G.  calculoides,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  capillaris,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  carinifera,  Lamarck,  Montevallo;  Clear  creek  ;  Blount 
spring ;  Gadsden;  Jefferson  county ;  Sulphur  spring, 
6  miles  west  of  Jacksonville. 

G,  carino-costata,  Lea.    Montevallo  ;  Talladega  spring  ; 
Talladega;  Buck   creek;  Calera ;  Shelby  springs; 
Camp  branch  ;  Bowie's  spring,  6  miles  west  of  Tal- 
ladega ;  Cahatchee. 
G.  casta,  Anth.     "  Alabama." 
G.  catenoides,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river, 
G.  cinnamomea,  Anth.    Cahawba  river ;  Buck  creek, 
G.  circincta,  Lea.    Elk  river ;  (querie,  banded  plicatula  ?) 
G.  clara,  Anth.     "  Alabama." 
G.  Clarkii,  Lea.     Gravelly  springs. 

G.  clathrata,  Lea.  Jackson  county  ;  (very  like  arachnoidea, 
which  is  probably  a  synon.  of  acuta.) 


18 

G.  clausa,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

Gr.  clavseformis,  Lea.  Talladega  spring  ;  properly  belong- 
ing to  tributaries  of  Tennessee  river. 

G.  clavula,  Lea.     Jackson  county. 

G.  cochliaris,  Lea.     Shelby  county;  [querie,  macdia?] 

G.  comma,  Con.     "  Tributaries  of  Black  Warrior  river." 

G.  continens,  Lea.  Spring  creek,  Tuscumbia-;  Buxahat- 
chee  creek,  near  Shelby  springs  ;  [querie,  Pybasii, 
without  bands  ?] 

G.  Coosaensis,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  corneola,  AntJi.  Coosa  river  ;  "  Alabama  ;"  [young  of 
Lith.  brevis?] 

G.  costulata,  Lea.  Jacksonville,  Calhoun  county  ;  Sul- 
phur spring. 

G.  crenatella,  Lea.     "  Coosa  river." 

G.  crispa,  Lea.     Florence. 

G.  cristata,  Anth     Cahawba  river ;  "Alabama;"  Anth. 

G.  crebristriata,  Lea.     Tuscaloosa. 

G.  crepera,  Lea.     Yellow  Leaf  creek. 

G.  cruda,  Lea.     "  Tennessee  river," 

G.  culta,  Lea.     Cahatchee  creek  ;  Coosa  river. 

G.  cylindracea,  Con.  Black  Warrior  river  ;  "  Tombigbee 
river," 

G.  DeCampii,  Led.     Huntsville. 

G.  Dooleyensis,  Lea.     "  Chattanooga  ; "  (Lea's  label.) 

G.  Elliottii,  Lea.     Little  Uchee  and  Uchee  river. 

G.  ellipsoides,  Lea,     Coosa  river. 

G.  elliptica,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  excavata,  Anthony.  Cahawba  river  ;  "  Alabama;"  Anth. 

G.  expansa,  Lea.  "  Alabama  ;  "  Bowie's  spring  branch, 
6  miles  north  of  Talladega  ;  (no  figure  extant) ;  the 
apex  of  the  young  shell  is  plicate. 

G.  fabalis,  Lea.  "Tennessee  river ;"  [querie,  Coosa  river?] 

G.  fallax,  Lea.     "  Coosa  river." 

G.  fascinans,  Lea.  "  Yellow  Leaf  creek; "  Cahawba  river; 
Coosa  river. 

(jr.  flava,  Lea.  "  Benton  co. ; "  T^lladega  county ;  Calera 
Shelby  county. 


19 

G.  flavescens,  Lea.    Tennessee  river ;  querie,  erroneous 

locality  ? 
G.  formosa,  Conrad.     "N.  Alabama." 

G.  fraterna,  Lea.  Bibb  county  and  Cahawba  river ;  [com- 
pare pulcherrima,  Anth.'] 

G.  fumea,  Lea.     Yellow  Leaf  creek. 

G.  furva,  Lea.     "  Branch  of  Coosa  river." 

G.  fuscocincta,  Anth.     "  Alabama." 

G.  Gerhardtii,  Lea.  Montevallo  ;  Coosa  river ;  Turner's 
spring  branch,  6  miles  south  of  Talladega  ;  Talla- 
dega. 

G.  germana,  Anth.     Cahawba  river. 

G.  Gesnerii,  Lea.     Uchee  river. 

G.  glabra,  Lea.  North  Alabama  ;  tributaries  of  Tennes- 
see river. 

G.  glandaria,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  Gouldiana,  Lea.     "  North  Alabama  ; "  xn,  92. 

G.  grata,  Anth.    Big  Prairie  creek. 

G.  gravida,  Anth.     "  Alabama." 

G.  grisea,  Anth.    "  Tennessee  river  ;  "  (doubtful.) 

G.  Hallenbeckii,  Lea.     Chattahoochee  river. 

G.  harpa,  Lea.  "  Tuscaloosa ; "  Coosa  river ;  Cahawba 
river. 

G.  Haysiana,  Lea.     "  Alabama  ;  "  Coosa  river. 

G.  Hydei,  Conrad.    "  Black  Warrior  River." 

G.  impressa,  Lea.     Coosa  river, 

G.  inclinans,  Lea.     Tuscumbia. 

G.  mQ.&ta,lHaldeman.     Alabama  river;  (querie,  germana  ?) 

G.  infuscata,  Lea.    Montevallo  ;  "  Coosa  river." 

G.  inosculata,  Lea.    Little  Uchee  river. 

G.  intercedens,  Lea.  Montevallo  ;  four  mile  creek;  Bogue 
Chitto  creek;  Cahawba  river;  Little  Mayberry 
creek. . 

G.  interrupta,  Haldeman.    Buxahatchee  creek. 

G.  interveniens,  Lea.    "  North  Alabama." 

G.  laeta,  Jay.     Coosa  river ;  (querie,  Ma  ?) 

G.  Isevigata,  Lea.    Alabama  river ;  Talladega  springs. 


20 

G.  Lewisii,  Lea.     "  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa  rivers." 

G.  lita.  Lea.     Cahawba  and  Coosa  rivers. 

G.  luteola,  Lea.     Ooosa river;  "  Alabama  river;"  (querie, 

young  Lith.  brevis  ?  ) 
G.  macella,  Lea.     "  Coosa  river  ;  "  spring  at  Montevallo  ; 

(Coosa  river  doubtful.) 

G.  mellea,  Lea.  Coosa  river  ;  (querie,  ampla,  half  grown?) 
G.  nassula,  Con.     "  Limestone  spring  at  Tuscumbia." 
G.  negata,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
G.  obesa,  Anthony.     "Alabama." 
G.  oliva,  Lea.    "  Alabama." 
G.  olivula,  Conrad.     "  Alabama." 
G.  osculata,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
G.  ovalis,  Lea.     "  Alabama;"  Coosa  river. 
G.  paula,  Lea.     Cahawba  river  ;  (see  fraterna,  Lea  ;  sub- 

angulata,  Anth. ;  pulcherrima,  Antli.) 
G.  paupercula,  Lea.     "  North  Alabama." 
G.  pergrata,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
G.  perstriata,  Lea.     "  Huntsville  "  and  "  Coosa  river  ;  " 

compare,  acuta,  Lea,  and  carino-costata,  Lea. 
G.  porrecta,  Lea.    North  Alabama ;  (essentially  a  Ten- 
nessee species  found  in  creeks.) 
G.  procissa,  Anth.     "  Alabama  ; "  (Tryon  doubts  the  local 

reference.) 

G.  propria,  Lea.     "  Alabama  ; "  (Coosa  river  ?) 
G.  proxima,  Say.     Alabama  ;  (see  Tryon's  Strepomatida3.) 
G.  pudica,   Lea.    Alabama   river ;  Coosa   river ;  Yellow 

Leaf  creek. 
G.  pulcherrima,   Anth.     Bibb  county  ;    [see   paula,   Lea ; 

subangulata,  Anth;  fraterna,  Lea.] 
G.  punicea,  Lea.     Alabama  -and  Coosa  rivers. 
G.  purpurea,  Lea.     Cahawba  river ;  (Tryon  says  rara  ?) 
G.  pupaaformis,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
G.  pupoidea,  Leo,.     "Alabama;"   Alabama,   Coosa   and 

Cahawba  rivers. 
G.  Pybasii,   Lea.     Tuscumbia  ;  Spring   creek  ;  (compare 

continenSj  Lea.) 


21 

G.  quadricincta,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers ;  Talla- 
dega  county ;  Montevallo. 

G.  quadrivittata,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers  ;  Mon- 
tevallo. 

G.  rara,  Lea.     Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers, 

G.  rhombica,  Antli.     "  Alabama  ;  "  Cahawba  river, 

G.  rubicunda,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  semicostata,  Con.     Streams  in  North  Alabama. 

G.  semiquadrata,  Eeeve.     "  Alabama  ; "  (quadrivittata  or 
gerhardtii.) 

G.  Shelbyensis,  Lea.    Yellow  Leaf  creek. 

G.  Showalterii,  Lea.     Coosa  river ;  Cahawba  river. 

G.  simplex,  Lea.     "  Alabama  ;  "  (Gon.  virens,  Anth.) 

G.  Smithsoniana,    Lea.       Montevallo  ;    Gadsden  ;    Cave 
creek ;  Talladega  springs. 

G.  solidula,  Lea.     Yellow  Leaf  creek. 

G.  Spillmanii,  Lea.     "  Tennessee  river." 

G.  straminea,  Lea.     "  Coosa  river  ; "    (querie,  young  of 
Litli.  brevis?) 

G.  strenua,  Lea.      Benton  county ;  Buck  creek  ;  Beech 
creek. 

G.  subangulata,  Anth.  "  Alabama ; "  Nix's  marble  quarry, 
Syllacoga,  Talladega  county  ;  Bibb  county. 

G.  sulcata,  Lea.     Cahawba  river. 

G.  symmetrica,  Hold.  "  Alabama  ;"  Daley's  creek  ;  (Gon. 
imbricata,  Anth.) 

G.  Taitiana,   Lea.      Alabama   river ;  Claiborn  ;  Averitt's 
spring  branch,  s.  e.  part  of  Talladega  county. 

G.  tenebrovittata,  Lea.    Shelby  county  ;  "  Coosa  river." 

G.  tenera,  Anth.     "  Alabama." 

G.  Thorntonii,  Lea.    Tuscumbia  and  Florence. 

G.  trochiformis,    Conrad.     Streams  in  North   Alabama  ; 

(querie,  Try.  filum,  Lea  ?) 
G.  Tuomeyi,  Lea.     "No.  Alabama." 
G.  Ucheensis,  Lea.    Little  Uchee  river.- 
G.  Vanuxemiana,  Lea.    Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers. 
G.  varians,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  variata,  Lea.    Montevallo ;  Coosa  and  Cahawba  riv- 
ers ;  Buck  creek. 


22 

G.  Vauxiana,  Lea.     "Coosa  river." 

G.  venusta,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

G.  versa,  Lea.     "Yellow  Leaf  creek."     Lily  Shoals,  Ca- 

hawba  river. 
G.  vesicula,  Lea.     Black  Warrior  river.     (Querie,  young 

of  GOD.  cylindracea,  Con.?) 
G.  vicina,  Anth.    "Alabama." 
G.  violacea,  Lewis  [MSS.]     Kail  Eoad  Spring,  six  miles 

west  of  Jacksonville. 
G.  virens/^ea.     "Alabama." 
G.  virgulata,  Lea.    Coosa  river  ;  Tallapoosa  E.    (Querie, 

young  of  G.  ampla,  Anth.  ?) 
G.  vittata,  Anth.     "Alabama." 
G.  Wheatleyi,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

Sub-genus  EUKYCJELON,  Lea. 

E.  Anthonyi,  Redfield.     Tennessee  river,  Bridgeport. 
IS.  crassa,  Haldeman.     Tennessee  river. 
E.  gibberosa,  Lea.     Alabama  river. 
E.  gratiosa,  Lea.     "Coosa  river ;"  Alabama  river. 
E.  lachryma,  Anth. 
E.  lepida,  Lea.     "  Yellow  Leaf  creek ;"  Alabama  river,  at 

Selma. 
E.  midas,  Lea.     Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers.     (Alabama 

river  doubtful.) 
E.  nubila,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
E.  proteus,  Lea.     "  Tuscaloosa." 

Sub-genus  SCHIZOSTOMA,  Lea. 

S.  Alabamense,  Lea.     "Alabama ;"  Coosa  river. 

IS.  amplum,  Anthony.     Coosa  river. 

S.  Anthonyi,  Reeve.     "Alabama." 

8.  Babylonicum,  Lea.     "  Tuscaloosa." 

S.  Buddii,  Lea.     "  Tuscaloosa." 

S.  bulbosum,  Anthony.     Coosa  river. 

S.  cariniferum,  Anthony.     Coosa  river. 

S.  castaneum,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

S.  constrictum,  Lea.    "Tuscaloosa;"  Coosa  river. 

S.  eurtum,  Mighels. 


23 

S.  cylindraceum,  Highels.    "  Warrior  river." 

S.  deinissurn.  Anthony.    ? 

S.  ellipticum,  Antli.     Coosa  river. 
S.  excisum,  Lea.     "Alabama." 
S.  glandulum,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
S.  glans,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
S.  incisum,  Lea.     "Alabama." 
S.  laciniatum,  Lea.     "  Tuscaloosa-" 
S.  Lewisii,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
S.  nuculum,  Antli.     Coosa  river. 

S.  ovoideum,  Shuttleworth.  ? 

S.  pagoda,  Lea.     *'  Tuscaloosa  ;"  Coosa  river. 
S.  pumilum,  Lea.     "Alabama  ;"   Coosa  river. 

S.  pyramidatum,  Shuttkworth.     ? 

S.  salebrosum,  Antli.     Coosa  river. 

S.  Showalteriana,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

S.  sphsericum,  Anth.     Coosa  river. 

S.  Wetumpkaense,  Lea.     Coosa  river.     [Querie,  var.  or 

youDg  of  pagoda?] 
S.  Wheatleyi,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

Sub-genus  ANCULOSA,  Say. 

A.  ampla,  Anthony.  Cahawba  river  ;  Coosa  river  ;  Buck 
creek ;  Shoal  creek.* 

A.  contorta,  Lea.  Coosa  river.  [Querie,  Lith.  compac- 
ta,  Anth.'] 

A.  Coosaensis,  Lea.    Coosa  river. 

A.  Downiei,  Lea.    Coosa  river.    (Also  found  in  Georgia.) 

A.  ligata,  Anth.     Tennessee  river. 

A.  melanoides,  Con.     "N.  Alabama." 

A.  picta,  Con.    Alabama,  Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers, 

A.  plicata,  Con.    Black  Warrior  river. 

A.  prserosa,  Say.  Tennessee  river.  [Varieties  are  num- 
erous.} 

A.  rubiginosa,  Lea.     "  Warrior  river  ;"  Coosa  river. 

A.  Showalterii,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

A.  squalida,  Lea.     "  Tuscaloosa." 

*  In  (3 reeks  a  small,  black  variety  is  found. 


24 

A.  sub-globosa,  Say.    Tennessee  river. 

A.  tseniata,  Con.     "Alabama  river ;"  Coosa  river. 

A.  tintinnabulum,  Lea.     Tennessee  river. 

A.  virgata,  Lea.  Tennessee  river.  ( — trilineata,  Say, 
var.) 

A.  vittata,  Lea.  Cahawba  river.  [This  has  been  else- 
where erroneously  credited  to  the  Coosa  river.] 

A.  zebra,  Anth.    "Alabama."    Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers. 


Family 

Genus  VIVIPARA. 
Sub-genus  YIVIPARA. 
Y.  contectoides,   W.  G.  Binney.     Tuscumbia. 

Sub-genus  TULOTOMA,  Haldeman. 
T.  angulata,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 
T.  bimonilifera,  Lea.     Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers. 
T.  Coosaensis,  Lea.     Coosa  river. 

Sub-genus  MELANTHO,  Bowditcli. 

M.  ponderosus,  !Say.  Tennessee  river.  "All  parts  of 
the  State."  (AldrioL) 

M.  ponderosus,  Say.  var.  Nolani,  Tryon.  Coosa,  Ca- 
hawba and  Alabama  rivers. 

M.  ponderosus,  Say.  (geniculate  var.)  Talladega 
creek. 

M.  ponderosus,  Say.  var.  coarctatus,  Lea.  Coosa 
river. 

M.  ponderosus,  Say.  var.  incrassatus,  Lea.  Coosa 
river. 

M.  decisus,  Say.     (geniculate   var.)     Talladega  Creek. 

M.  decisus,  Say.     (coarctate  var.)     Big  Prairie  creek. 

M.  De  Campi.     W.  G.  Binney.    Stevenson. 

M.  rufus,  Naldeman.   (geniculati  var.)    Talladega  creek. 

M.  lima,  ^Anthony.    Huntsville. 

Sub-genus  LIOPLAX.     Troschel. 

L.  subcarinata,  Say.  Chattahoochee  river;  Coosa 
river  ? 


2S 

L.  cyclostomatiformis,  Lea.    Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers 
Black  Warrior  river. 


Genus  SOMATOGYRUS.     Gill. 

S.  subglobosus,  Say.    Coosa  river  ?     Alabama  river. 

S.  Currierianus,  Lea.     "  Huntsville/'     Decatur. 

S.  parvulus,  Tryon.  Tennessee  river  at  Bridgeport  5 
Coosa  river. 

S.  aureusi  Tryon*  Tennessee  river ;  Cahawba  river  5 
Alabama  river ;  Coosa  river* 

Genus  POMATIOPSIS.     Tryon. 
P.  lapidaria,  Say. 

Family    NERITID/E. 

Genus  KERITELLA.    Humphrey. 

-  N.   reclivata,    Say.     Mobile    Bay?     (var.    floridana, 
Shuttleworth. 
N.  Showalteriij  Lea.    Coosa  river.* 


Family   HELCINIDJE. 

Genus  HELICINA,  Lamarck. 
Sub-genus  OLIGYRA,  Say* 

O.  orbiculata,  Say.    Motevallo. 

*i  —     -•--•  -  • 

*No  specimens  with  opercles  are  known.     It  is  therefore  yet  uncertain  if 
this  species  be  a  Neritetta. 


26 
PULMONATA  LIMNOPHILA. 

Family  AOTICT7LID.SL 
Sub-Family  AUEICULIN5L 
Genus  CAEYCHIUM,  Muller. 
•  C.  exiguum,  Say.     In  moist,  shaded  stations. 

Sub-Family  MELAMPIME. 
Genus  MELAMPUS,  Montfort. 
v    M.  bidentatus  Say.     Coast  marshes. 

Family   JL.IM.1VJ3SI33J3B* 

Sub-Family  LIMNJEINJE. 

Genus  LIMNJEA,  Lamarck. 

Sub-genus  RADIX,  Montfort. 

B.  colurnella,  Say.     Ponds  and  streams ;  near  Selma, 
Sub- genus  LIMNOPHYSA,  Fitz. 

y  L.  desidiosa,  Say,     Small  streams  and  swamps. 

L.  caperata,  Say.          "          "  "- 

7  L.  humilis,  Say.  "          u  "  near  Selma. 

Genus  PHYSA,  Draparnaud. 

P.  gyrina,  Say.     Streams  and  springs. 

P.  elliptica,  Lea.    Streams  and  springs.    P.  oleacea,  Try- 
on.     Bridgeport. 

P.  crocata,  Lea.     Streams  and  springs. 
P.  Showalterii,  Lea.     Stream  from  Artesian  well,  Union- 
town. 

P.  anatina,  Lea.    Streams. 

P.  Whitei,  Lea.     Streams  in  Georgia  and  Alabama. 
P.  pomilia,  Conrad.     "  Eandon's  creek,  near  Claiborn." 

Genus  BULINUS,  Adanson* 
B.  hypnorum,  Drap.     Swampy  stations. 
Genus  PLANORBIS,  Guettard. 
P.  glabratus,  Say. 


27 

Sub- genus  HEUSOMA,  Swainson. 

H.  bicarinata,  Say.     Ponds  and  streams.    Beech  creek  ; 

Cahawba  river. 
H.  trivolvis,  Say.     Ponds  and  streams. 

Sub-genus  GYBAULUS,  Agassiz. 

G.  dilatatus,  Gould.    (Has  been  found  in  N.  W.  Georgia.) 
G.  parvus,  Say.     Stagnant  water  and  small  streams. 

Genus  SEGMENTINA,  Fleming. 
Sub- genus  PLANORBULA,  Haldeman. 

* 

P.  Wheatleyi,  Lea.    Swamp  near  Selma.     (Aldrich.) 
Sub-family  ANCYLINJ3. 
Genus  ANCYLUS,  Geqffroy. 

A.  diaphanus,  Hold.     Tennessee  river. 
A. ?    Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers. 

Genus  ACROLOXUS,  Beck. 

A.  filosus,  Conrad.    Black  Warrior  river,  south  of  Blount 
Springs;  Coosa  river? 


PULMONATA  GEOPHILA. 
Family  OLEACINID^E. 

Genus  GLANDINA,  Schum. 
1  G.  truncata,  Gmelin.    Vicinity  of  the  Gulf  Coast. 

Family  HELICIDJE. 
Sub-family  YITEININ^. 
Genus  MACROCYCLIS,  Beck. 
M.  concava,  Say.     Wooded  districts. 

Genus  ZONITES,  Montfort. 
Sub-genus  OMPHALINA,  Raf.     [Includes  Hyalina,  Gray.~\ 

O.  capnodes,  W.  G.  Binney*    Montevallo. 
O.  friabilis,  W.  G.  Binney* 


28 

0*  l&vigata,  Pfeiffer.     Near  Selma< 

O.  sculptilis,  Bland. 

O.  Elliotti,  Eedfidd. 

O.  arboreuSj  Say. 

O.  viridula,  Menke. 

O.  indentata,  Say.     Near  Selma  ;  Montevallo* 

O.  minuscula,  Binney. 

O.  capsella,  Gould. 

Sub-genus  MESOMPHIX,  Raf. 

Mi  demissa,  Binney.    Near  Selma. 
M*  acerra,  Lewis. 
M4  ligera,  Say.    Montevallo; 
M.  intertexta5  Binney. 

Sub-genus  CONULUS,  Moq-Tand. 
C*  fulvus,  Drap.    Near  Selma ;  Montevalloj 

Sub-genus  VENTEIDENS,  W.  G.  Binnney* 

Y*  gularis,  Say. 

V.  suppressa,  Say. 

Y.  lasmodon,  Phillips. 

Y.  interna,  Say.     Montevallch 

Sub-family  HELICINJE. 
Genus  PATULA,  Hold. 

P»  alternata^  Say.     Wooded  districts;  near  Selma* 
P.  perspectiva^  Say.     Wooded  districts  near  Selma. 
P.  striatella,  Anth.    Wooded  districts. 

Genus  HELIX,  Lin>. 
Sub-genus  HELICODISCUS,  Morse,, 
H.  lineatus,  Say.    Wooded  districts ;  near  Selma. 

Sub-genus  STROBILA,  Morse. 
S>  labyrinthica,  Say. 

Sub-genus  POLYGYRA,  Say. 

P.  auriformis,  Bland.     Near  Selma. 
P.  espiloca,  Ravend.  Near  Mobile. 


P.  plicata,  Say.     (Helix  Hazardi,  Bland.} 

£.  Febigeri,  Bland.    Near  Mobile. 

P.  pustula,  Fer. 

P.  pustuloides,  Bland.     Near  Selma  ;  Montevallo* 

P.  leporina,  Gould. 

Sub -gen  us  STENOTBEMA,  Raf. 

S.  spinosa,  Lea.    Near  Selma. 

S.  labrosa,  Bland. 

S.  Edgariana,  Lea. 

S.  barbigera,  Redfield. 

S.  stenotrema,  Fer. 

S.  hirsuta,  Say.     Montevallo. 

S.  maxillata,  Gould.    Near  Selma  ;  Montevallo* 

S.  monodon,  Rackett. 

Sub-genus  TKIODOPSIS,  Raf. 

T.  palliata,  Say. 

T.  obstricta,  Say. 

T.  appressa,  Say.     Montevallo. 

T.  inflecta,  Say.    Near  Selma  ;  Monte vallbr 

T.  Kugeli,  Shuttkworth. 

T.  tridentata,  Say. 

T.  fallax,  Say. 

Sub-genus  MESODON,  Raf. 

M.  major,  Binney. 

M.  albolabris,  Say. 

M.  elevata,  Say. 

M.  Clarkii,  Lea. 

M.  Christyi,  Bland. 

M.  exoleta,  Binney. 

M.  Wheatleyi,  Bland. 

M.  thyroides,  /S'ai/.     Near  Selma  ;  Montevallo. 

M.  bucculenta,  Gould.    Near  Selma  ;  Montevallo. 

M.  clausa,  Say.    Near  Selma. 

M.  jejuna,  Say* 

M.  Mobiliana,  Lea, 


30 

Sab-genus  YALLONIA,  Itisso. 
V.  pulchella,  Muller. 

Genus  BUIIMULUS,  Leach. 
Sub-genus  SCUTALUS,  Albers. 

S.  dealbatus,  Say.    Northern  Alabama ;  near  Selma, 
Genus  PUPA,  Drap. 

Sub-genus  PUPILLA,  Leach* 
P.  pentodon,  Say. 

Sub-genus  LEUCOCHILA,  Alb.  &  Mart. 

L.  fallax,  Say. 

L.  modica,  Gould. 

L.  armifera,  Say.    Common  in  cane  brakes. 

L.  contracta,  Say. 

L.  rupicola,  Say. 

L.  corticaria,  Say. 

Genus  VERTIGO,  MuUer. 
Sub-genus  ISTHMIA,  Gray. 

I.  Gouldii,  Sinney. 
I.  ovata,  Say. 
I.  ventricosa,  Morse. 
I.  milium,  Gould. 

Family  SUCCINim 
Genus  SUCCINEA,  Drap. 
Sub-genus  SUCCINEA, 

8.  luteola,  Gould. 
S.  avara,  Say. 
S.  obliqua,  Say. 


APPENDIX  TO  THE  UNIONID^  OF  ALABAMA. 


The  student  who  may  desire  to  become  acquainted  with 
the  UnionidEe  of  Alabama,  will  naturally  have  his  attention 
drawn  to  some  interesting  facts  relating  to  Geographical 
Distribution.  In  some  instances  a  species  will  be  found  to 
occur  in  numerous  localities,  some  of  them  beyond  the  lim- 
its of  the  State.  In  other  instances,  species  bearing  a  very 
close  resemblance  to  each  other  occupy  stations  apart  from 
each  other,  seldom  occurring  together.  Many  species  are, 
so  far  as  is  known,  limited  to  a  particular  stream,  or  a  portion 
of  a  system  of  drainage.  Among  the  species  having  widest 
distribution,  may  be  mentioned  Unio  Anodontoides,  which 
occurs  in  the  Chattahoochee  and  Alabama  rivers ;  and  is 
also  found  in  the  Ohio  river,  and  in  some  of  the  rivers  in 
Illinois.  A  group  of  species  very  strongly  resembling  each 
other,  embraces  Unio  acutissimus,  U.  parvulus,  U.  rubellinus, 
and  U.  penidllatus*  The  two  latter  belong  also  to  the  State 
of  Georgia.  Another  group  of  species  strongly  resembling 
each  other,  varying  somewhat  in  size  and  other  minor  de- 
tails, embraces  Unio  striatus,  U.  modicus,  V.  litus,  and  U. 
striatulus,  the  last  being  found  in  North  Carolina,  and  later 
(according  to  Mr.  Lea),  in  Georgia. 

Still  another  group  embraces  species,  a  portion  of  which 
are  found  in  adjoining  States,  as  well  as  in  Alabama.  Cu- 
riously, it  appears  that  some  of  these  species  sometimes 
unquestionably  occur  in  the  same  station.  This  group  em- 
braces Unio  decisus,  U.  concolor,  U.  consanguineus,  U.  clavus- 
U.  pallidofulvus,  U.  inter  ventus,  U,  crebrivitiatus,  and  U. 
Chattanoogaensis.  In  the  Chattahoochee  river,  U.  Sloatiaa, 
nus  takes  the  place  of  U.  trapezoides,  found  in  the  Alabam, 


32 

river,  and  in  the  rivers  of  States  westward ;  while  on  the 
other  hand,  Unio  Boykinianus  is  found  in  the  Chattahoo 
chee  and  Alabama  rivers,  and  probably,  also,  in  some  of 
the  rivers  of  Mississippi.  Unio  obtwus,  found  in  the  Chat- 
tahoochee,  also  occurs  in  Mississippi,  while  a  species  of 
similar  form,  U.  Claibornensis,  takes  its  place  in  the  Ala- 
bama river. 

Unio  infucatus  and  U*  Kleinianus  are  said  to  occur  in 
the  Chattahoochee  river  and  its  tributaries  in  Georgia, 
while  no  -available  record  exists  of  their  having  been  found 
in  the  streams  rising  in  Alabama. 

Unio  lienosus,  found  in  Mississippi  and  various  streams 
in  Alabama,  seems  to  be  replaced  in  the  Chattahoochee 
system  by  three  well  defined  species  of  the  same  group, 
viz :  U.  concestator,  U<  intercedens  and  U.  fallax. 

Unio  crassidens,  a  robust  species  found  in  Illinois,  Ohio, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  also  in  the  Alabama  and  Coosa 
rivers,  in  Alabama,  is  replaced  in  the  Chattahoochee  and 
Flint  rivers  by  a  nearly  related  species —  U.  incrassatus. 

Unio  camptodon  (and  Unio  tetralasmus,  possibly  a  syno-8 
nym,)  occurs  in  Ohio,  as  well  as  in  Alabama,  Mississippi 
and  Louisiana.-  Unio  ColunibensiSj  of  the  Chattahoochee, 
seems  to  unite  camptodon  with  declivis,  forming  a  group. 

Unio  atro-costatus,  which  is  often  taken  to  be  U.  perplica- 
tus,  Conrad,  seems  to  take  the  place  of  that  species  in  Ala- 
bama. There  is  no  reliable  record  that  perplicatus  occurs 
so  far  east  as  Alabama. 

Unio  Blandianus,  of  the  Othcalooga  creek  in  Georgia,  is 
represented  in  Alabama  by  shells  which  are  regarded  as 
being  U.  Rumphianus.  If  the  two  should  prove  to  be  iden- 
tical, Blandianus  will  rank  as  a  synonym  of  Rumphianus. 

Unio  penitus,  of  the  Alabama  river,-  is  replaced  further 
east  (in  Alabama  and  Georgia)  by  U.  compactus,  a  similar 
but  smaller  species.  It  is  possible  that  both  these  species 
occur  in  the  Coosa  river ;  but  at  the  present  time  a  doubt 
is  entertained  of  such  occurrence. 

Unio  castaneus,  of  the  Alabama  river,  is  the  analogue  of 
U.  circulus  of  Tennessee  and  Ohio.  Specimens  are  some- 


33 

times  seen  in  collections  labeled  drculus.  Unio  unicolor  is 
probably  very  similar  to  castaneus, 

Unio  vallatus,  of  Bogue  Chitto  creek,  and  U.  Cahabensis, 
of  the  Cahawba  river,  very  strongly  resemble  each  other. 

Unio  Edgarianus,  of  the  Tennessee  river  and  its  tributa- 
ries, is  the  type  of  a  group  of  shells  resembling  each  other 
in  several  important  particulars.  U.  obuncus,  U.  Tuscumbi- 
ensis  and  U.  Andersonensis  belong  to  this  group. 

Among  the  shells  of  the  Alabama  and  Coosa  rivers  are 
a  few  which  remain  to  be  noted  as  occurring  in  Tennessee, 
Ohio,  &c. ;  U.  metariever,  U.  cornutus,  U.  pyramidatus,  U, 
securis,  and  possibly  U.  plenus,  may  be  incuded  in  this  list. 
Unio  tuberculatus,  which  occurs  in  Alabama,  is  also  found 
in^Ohio  and  adjoining  States. 

Unio  subangulatus,  of  the  Chattahoochee,  is  represented 
in  Buck  creek  by  a  larger  shell  of  the  same  type,  which 
has  not  as  yet  been  set  apart  as  a  distinct  species.  It  may, 
however,  be  regarded  as  being  quite  as  distinct  from  sub- 
angulatus as  medius  is  from  striatus  in  the  Chattahoochee 
system. 

In  the  Cahawba  river  three  species  are  indicated,  under 
the  names  glandaceus,  instructus  and  verus.  Specimens  evi- 
dently referable  to  the  three  species  have  been  submitted 
for  examination.  They  resemble  each  other  very  strongly 
indeed,  and  differ  simply  as  specimens  of  different  ages  and 
sexes  might  be  supposed  to  differ,  when  a  single  species  is 
subjected  to  a  diversity  of  conditions. 

The  student  will  find  that  quite  a  considerable  number 
of  species  originally  quoted  as  found  in  various  streams  in 
Georgia,  have  been  catalogued  as  Alabama  shells.  Among 
these  is  Unio  radians,  originally  found  in  the  Othcalooga 
creek  in  Georgia.  Shells  from  Alabama  agreeing  very  ex- 
actly with  the  description  and  figure  of  this  species  have 
been  submitted  for  examination.  The  shells  that  have 
been  examined  are,  without  doubt,  the  female  forms  of  an 
Alabama  species  called  U.  plancus.  The  question  of  the 
identity  of  radians  and  plancus  is  still  an  open  one,  in  the 
absence  of  Georgia  specimens  for  comparison. 


34 

In  the  tributaries  of  the  Chattahoochee  river  occur  sev- 
eral species  which  belong  to  the  " complanatus  group"— & 
group  which  includes  a  large  numbe'r  of  species,  of  which 
Unio  complanatus  is  a  familiar  type.  This  group  of  shells 
prevails  in  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  very  few 
members  of  this  group  occur  west  of  the  Chattahoochee 
drainage.  A  single  instance  may  possibly  present  itself  in 
a  species  known  as  Unio  sublatns,  specimens  of  which  have 
been  found  at  or  near  Montevallo.  It  is  possible,  however, 
that  sublatus  really  belongs  to  a  group  of  which  U.  gibbosus 
is  almost  the  sole  type,  (Unio  subgibbosus  being  the  excep- 
tion.) The  specimens  referred  to  have  the  peculiar  dark 
riacre  and  the  singularly  undulated  breaks  of  U.  gibbosus, 
though  differing  from  that  species  in  the  form  of  the  teeth, 
and  in  the  details  of  the  muscular  and  palleal  cicatrices. 

There  remain  abundant  suggestions  which  might  possi- 
bly be  profitably  added,  but  as  this  would  necessarily  involve 
much  descriptive  matter,  it  is  deemed  expedient  to  refer  the 
student  to  the  published  writings  of  Isaac  Lea,  LL.  D.,  in 
which  will  be  fouud  descriptions  of  a  very  large  share  of 
the  Mollusca  of  North  America,  with  usually  very  fine 
illustrations.  The  writings  of  Thomas  Say,  Mr.  T.  A.  Con- 
rad, Mr.  John  G.  Anthony,  Dr.  Barnes,  Hildreth,  and  oth- 
ers, might  also  be  read  with  advantage. 

Notes  on  COBBIOUIVAD^;. 

Cyrena  Garolinensis  is  found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  as  far 
North  as  South  Carolina.  It  occurs  also  on  the  west  coast 
of  Florida,  and  has  been  tabulated  here  on  the  presump- 
tion that  it  will  unquestionably  be  found  in  Mobile  Bay. 

Shells  referable  to  Sphcerium  stramineum,  found  in  Ala- 
bama, are  quite  unlike  any  thing  from  other  States  that 
have  been  presented  as  that  species. 

A  single  specimen,  only,  of  8.  f abate  is  all  that  has  been 
presented  from  Alabama. 

Sphcerium  occidental  was  found  prv>r  to  1860  in  a  swamp 
near  Columbus,  Ga.;  whether  in  Alabama  or  Georgia  is  un~ 
known.  It  will  undoubtedly  be  found  in  similar  situations 
in  Alabama. 


35 


Pisidium  Virginicum  is  found  in  numerous  rivers  in  the 
United  States,  and  undoubtedly  will  be  found  in  muddy 
portions  of  some  of  the  rivers  oj:  Alabama. 


APPENDIX  TO  STKEPOMATID^. 


The  Strepomatidee  of  Alabama  seem  to  be  divided  into 
three  great  groups.  The  first  is  characterized  by  the  pres- 
ence of  the  genera  lo  and  Angitrema,  which  are  locally  re- 
stricted in  this  State  to  the  Tennessee  Drainage,  in  which 
they  occur  with  a  preponderating  number  of  species  of 
Trypanostoma,  a  smaller  number  of  species  of  Anculosa  and 
StrephobasiJ,  and  comparatively  a  few  species  of  Gonio- 


In  the  Alabama  system  of  drainage  comprising  the 
bigbee,  Black  Warrior,  Alabama,  Cahawba,  and  Coosa 
rivers,  and  their  tributaries,  are  found  a  less  considerable 
number  of  species  of  Trypanostoma,  a  single  species  of 
Strephobasis,  several  species  of  Anculosa,  and  a  preponder- 
ating number  of  species  of  Goniobasis.  The  characteristic 
genus  of  this  system  of  drainage  is  Schizostoma,  which  in- 
cludes a  considerable  number  of  recognized  species.  It  is 
believed  that  this  genus  is  confined  to  the  Coosa  river. 
Doubts,  however,  are  suggested  on  that  point  by  the  fact 
that  several  of  the  earlier  species  brought  to  notice  were 
credited  to  " Tuscaloosa,"  and  the  "Warrior  river."  No 
recent  information  on  this  point  affords  any  means  of  set- 
tling the  doubts,  though  it  is  hoped  that  explorations  now 
under  contemplation  may  bring  to  light  conclusive  testi- 
mony relative  to  the  distribution  of  Schizostoma. 

In  the  Chattahoochee  river  and  its  tributaries,  have  been 
found  only  a  few  species  of  Goniobasis,  and  possibly  a  sin- 
gle species  of  Trypanostoma. 

In  the  original  descriptions  of  some  of  the  species  of  Try- 
anopstoma,  and  Gonoibasis,  found  in  the  State  of  Alabama, 


37 

localities  have  been  assigned  that  identify  some  of  the  spe- 
cies of  the  Tennessee  system  of  drainage  with  certain  forms 
found  in  the  Alabama  system.  A  careful  examination  of  these 
supposed  cases  of  identity  of  species'  in  the  two  systems 
of  drainage  has  not  as  yet  elicited  any  confirmatory  evi- 
dence. It  seems,  indeed,  very  probable,  that  not  a  single 
instance  of  supposed  identity  will  be  verified.  In  expla- 
nation, it  may  be  remarked  that  collectors  are  not  always 
careful  to  keep  apart  from  each  Bother  their  unidentified 
specimens  of  species  from  various  localities,  arid  it  is  not 
an  uncommon  circumstance  for  specimens  to  pass  into  the 
hands  of  the  descriptive  naturalist  with  local  references  of 
an  unreliable  character.  This,  together  with  the  vague 
and  very  indefinite  mention  of  the  State  or  Continent  for 
the  locality  of  a  species,  is  surely  the  source  of  continual 
trouble  to  one  who  seeks  to  reconcile  his  shells  with  the 
literature  relating  to  them. 

While  the  preliminary  sheets  of  this  paper  were  in  pro- 
gress, the  writer  was  urgently  solicited  to  embody  in  it 
such  facts  in  synonymy  as  might  be  thought  useful.  In 
reply  to  these  solicitations  it  may  be  urged  that  there  is 
not  yet  at  hand,  and  may  not  be  for  many  years  to  come, 
a  sufficient  amount  of  material  to  enable  the  most  careful 
student  to  do  justice  to  the  subject,  and  not  at  the  same 
time  do  injustice  to  those  writers  who  have  done  most  to 
define  species. 

A  few  of  the  difficulties  of  synonomy  may  be  presented 
in  a  manner  which  will  be  appreciated  by  those  persons 
who  have  given  the  subject  slight  attention.  Take,  for  in- 
stance, some  common  and  well  known  species  of  Trypa- 
nostoma,  found  in  the  Tennessee  river.  On  tracing  it  from 
point  to  point  along  the  stream  it  will  be  found  to  vary  in 
several  particulars,  which  are  obvious  at  a  glance.  If  only 
the  extreme  forms  are  known,  these  would  appear  to  the 
observer  to  differ  so  much  from  each  other  as  to  justify 
him  in  regarding  them  as  distinct  species — an  opinion  he 
is  compelled  to  abandon  when  further  investigation  has 
brought  to  light  the  intermediate  forms.  There  may  be, 


38 

and  undoubtedly  there  are  species,  (as  in  the  family 
Unionidae,)  in  which  the  sexes  are  distinguishable  from 
each"  other  by  certain  peculiarities  of  form  and  size.  This 
is  a  portion  of  the  subject  which  has  not  yet  been  investi- 
gated, and  really  nothing  is  known  relative  to  it.  There 
are  unquestionably  instances  in  which  hybrids  occur. 
These,  except  under  very  favorable  conditions  for  observa- 
tion, would  be  likely  to  be  regarded  as  species. 

Occasionally  abnormal  specimens  come  to  the  notice  of 
the  Naturalist — usually  a  solitary  specimen  (and  the  author 
"  regrets  there  were  not  more,")  is  all  that  is  known,  and  it 
is  recorded  as  a  species.  It  sometimes  happens  that  a 
species  produces  specimens  the  epidermis  of  which  exhib- 
its a  uniform  color  without  bands.  Other  specimens,  on 
the  other  hand,  have  bands.  Unquestionably,  a  species 
has  been  divided  and  put  on  record  as  two  distinct  species, 
with  no  better  ground  for  the  division  than  has  been 
stated.  Again,  a  species  sometimes  produces  specimens 
characterized  by  several  revolving  elevated  lines  or  carinse. 
Mr.  Say  made  a  second  'species  of  Goniobasis  Virginica, 
based  on  this  peculiarity ;  Mr.  Anthony  has  bestowed  sim- 
ilar attention  on  a  variety  of  Mr.  Say's  Anculosa  trilineata; 
and  a  curious  sequel  to  this  is  that  many  intelligent  natu- 
ralists, who  do  not  admit  the  validity  of  Mr.  Say's  "  Me- 
lania  multilineata"  regard  Mr.  Anthony's  Anculosa  costata 
with  favor. 

There  are  yet  other  perplexities,  and  these  arise  out  of 
the  diversities  of  forms  a  species  is  liable  to  manifest  when 
developed  under  the  varying  conditions  of  stations  unlike 
each  other  in  temperature,  mineral  properties  of  the  water, 
abundance  or  absence  of  appropriate  food,  the  influence  of 
light,  the  influence  of  currents  in  the  water,  and  finally, 
other  influences  of  equal  importance,  which  possibly  have 
not  yet  been  conjectured. 

The/orm  of  a  shell  is  simply  a  function  of  the  mantle — 
a  delicate  membrane,  in  which  the  soft  parts  within  the 
shell  are  included,  and  which  lines  the  interior  of  the  shell 
and  deposits  the  calcareous  matter  of  which  it  is  composed. 


39 

The  color  of  a  shell  may,  to  a  very  great  extent,  depend 
upon  that  function  of  the  mantle  involved  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  epidermis.  It  may  also  be  to  some  extent  in- 
fluenced by  the  properties  of  the  water  in  which  the  mol- 
lusc lives. 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  are  numerous  conditions  which 
may  affect  a  single  species  and  cause  it  to  be  presented 
under  such  aspects  as  to  create  the  impression  that  differ- 
ent local  forms  are  different  species.  Much  has  been  done 
in  the  direction  of  synonymy,  but  without  doubt,  equally 
as  much  more  remains  to  be  done.  It  may  also  be  sug- 
gested that  a  few  errors  have  crept  into  synonymy,  as  it  is 
now  received,  and  the  work  needs  revision.  In  a  class  of 
shells  embracing  so  many  species,  presented  under  the  dif- 
ficulties that  beset  the  Strepomatidse,  it  will  be  impossible 
to  do  more  at  present  than  suggest  inquiries.  The  brief 
hints  that  occasionally  appear  in  the  list  of  species  are  all 
that  it  seems  expedient  to  suggest  at  this  time. 


APPENDIX  TO  YIYIPARID.E. 


Y.  contectoides  is  distributed  over  a  wide  extent  of  terri- 
tory. It  inhabits  the  rivers  of  Illinois  and  Indiana.  Spec- 
imens from  Illinois  have  been  successfully  colonized  in 
New  York.  Yery  fine  specimens  of  the  species  are  found 
in  Othcalooga  Creek,  Georgia.  A  variety  of  this  species 
occurring  in  Florida,  has  received  the  name  Y.  Waltoni, 
Tryon. 

Tulotoma  bimonilifera,  Lea,  (magnifica,  Conrad,)  is  ad- 
mitted by  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  to  take  prece- 
dence over  magnifica.  T.  Goosaensis,  hitherto  regarded  as 
a  true  Vivipara,  is  unquestionably  a  Tulotoma,  and  is  well 
characterized  as  such  by  its  opercle.  Perfect  specimens 
are  characterized  by  numerous  short,  hairy  prolongations 
of  the  epidermis  on  a  considerable  portion  of  the  surface, 
and  more  particularly  by  a  bristly  fringe  to  the  margin  of 
the  aperture. 

Melantho  ponderosus,  Say,  which  occurs  in  the  Ohio 
river,  and  some  of  its  larger  tributaries,  and  attains  a  large 
size  in  some  portions  of  the  Tennessee  river,  has  also  been 
found  in  Mississippi  and  Georgia,  as  well  as  in  the  rivers 
of  Alabama.  Mr.  Tryon  separates  the  Alabama  shells 
under  the  name  M.  Nolani.  A  number  of  years  ago,  Mr. 
Lea  described  Paludina  coardata  and  P.  incrassata  from 
the  Coosa  river.  From  a  careful  comparison  of  numerous 
specimens  of  Melantho  from  the  Coosa  with  shells  from 
other  regions  and  with  Mr.  Lea's  unpublished  figure  of 
coardata,  it  is  inferred  that  coarctata  and  incrassata  are 
identical  with  the  shells  Mr.  Tryon  calls  Nolani.  It  may 
seem  improbable  that  a  species  can  exhibit  so  much  vari- 
ation in  form  in  one  locality  ;  but  it  is  apparently  an  unde- 


41 

triable  fact,  and  has  a  parallel  in  the  two  species  (?)  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Anthony  as  Pal.  subsolida  and  P.  exilis,  both 
referable  to  the  sexual  varieties  of  one  species.  (In  this 
connection  it  may  be  remarked  that  two  specimens  of  this 
variable  species  served  as  illustrations  of  the  male  and  fe- 
male of  Melantho  integer  in  a  work  on  the  shells  of  North 
America.)  Mr.  Lea's  coarctata  is  the  slender  form  of  the 
species.  His  incrassata  is  an  immature  specimen,  the  apex 
of  which  has  been  removed  by  erosion.  If  the  species  re- 
ally be  distinct  from  ponderosus  it  should  receive  the  name 
coarctata  or  incrassata,  either  of  which  has  priority  of  Nolani. 
A  slender  variety  of  M*  decisus  occurring  in  Big  Prairie 
Creek  has  been  confounded  with  the  Coosa  shell  that  Mr. 
Lea  calls  coarctata.  There  are  peculiarities  of  form  and 
color  that  should  forbid  the  association  of  the  Prairie  Creek 
shell  with  the  Coosa  River  coarctata. 

M.  decisus,  M.  ponderosus  and  M.  rufus  occur  together  in 
Talladega  Creek.  They  are  all  in  a  considerable  degree 
characterized  by  the  shouldered  suture  which  distinguishes 
Mr.  Conrad's  geniculus. 

M.  lima,  Anthony,  occurs  at  Huntsville.  It  seems  to  be 
somewhat  nearly  related  to  M.  De  Campi.  W.  G.  Binney. 
Possibly  a  full  series  of  specimens  might  establish  their 
identity. 

Specimens  doubtfully  referable  to  Lioplax  subcarinata 
have  been  presented  as  coming  from  the  Coosa  river.  The 
specimens  referred  to  have  not  the  peculiar  salmon  tinted 
upper  whorls  that  characterize  cydostomatiformis  from  the 
Coosa  and  Cahawba  rivers,  and  differ  in  other  respects 
also.  It  would  be  interesting  to  verify  the  occurrence  of 
both  these  species  in  the  Coosa  river. 


APPENDIX  TO  THE  PULMONATA, 


The  fresh  water  pulmonates  of  Alabama  seem  not  to 
have  been  thoroughly  studied,  and  there  are  available  no 
records  that  locate  a  considerable  number  of  species  which 
might  very  reasonably  be  expected  to  occur  in  the  State. 
A  large  share  of  these  have  been  omitted  from  the  list — 
only  such  species  being  included  as  have  a  local  record 
within  the  limits  of  the  State  or  within  contiguous  portions 
of  adjoining  States.  The  land  shells,  having  been  more 
thoroughly  studied,  afford  sufficient  records  to  make  it 
probable  that  only  a  few  species  likely  to  occur  within  the 
limits  of  the  State  have  been  omitted.  It  is  quite  proba- 
ble that  a  careful  exploration  of  the  mountains  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  State  may  bring  to  light  some  of  the  few 
species  that  have  recently  been  described  as  occurring  in 
the  not  distant  mountains  of  Tennessee  and  North  Caro- 
lina. One  of  these— Mesodon  Chilhoweensis,  Lewis,  occurs 
in  northern  Georgia,  as  is  established  by  an  immature 
specimen  in  the  National  Museum  ;  and  the  occurrence  of 
this  species  in  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia  would  seem  to 
warrant  the  expectation  that  it  might  also  be  found  in  Al- 
abama. 


RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WfflCH  BORROWED 

BIOLOGY  LIBRARY 

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